The “Ur-Nammu” Stela (Penn Museum B16676)

Jeanny Vorys Canby, The “Ur-Nammu” Stela, University Museum Monograph 110 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2001). Penn Museum object B16676 / CBS 16676. (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology)

Supports: Ur-Namma stele type-object from Ur; coil/staff reading distinct from the solid ring.

Code de Hammurabi (Louvre Sb 8)

Musée du Louvre, Code de Hammurabi, inventory Sb 8 (AS 6064). Relief: seated Shamash extending circle and rod to standing Hammurabi. Collections ark:/53355/cl010174436. (Musée du Louvre)

Supports: Old Babylonian solid-ring type-object; seated deity, standing king.

Slanski 2007 on the rod and ring

Kathryn E. Slanski, “The Mesopotamian ‘Rod and Ring’: Icon of Righteous Kingship and Balance of Power between Palace and Temple,” in Regime Change in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, ed. Harriet Crawford, Proceedings of the British Academy 36 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 37–53. (British Academy / Oxford University Press)

Supports: Labels palace–temple and righteous-kingship readings as modern scholarly reconstruction, not period captions.

Black and Green on the rod and ring

Jeremy Black and Anthony Green, Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary (London: British Museum Press, 1992), s.v. “rod and ring.” (British Museum Press)

Supports: Standard catalogue treatment of the held measuring pair versus later rod types.